The Role That Customer - Brand Identification Plays In Brand Loyalty Literature review

The Role That Customer - Brand Identification Plays In Brand Loyalty and Brand Promotion - Literature review Example A brand is principally responsible for establishing a strong relationship with the customers. Therefore brands hold the accountability to build a healthy and strong relationship with the customers of the company. In that process customer brand identification plays a major role. Brand identification is defined as the process of developing a brand that offers positive consumer benefits and in turn results in repeat purchase. Also in the process of customer brand identification, identity of a brand acts as a significant factor. Identity of a brand provides the direction, meaning and purpose of the brand. Brand identity is thus considered as the central unit towards the development of a strategic vision. Brands generally have 3 aspects namely brand image, brand identity and brand position. Brand image portrays about how the brand is being perceived by the customers, brand identity is about how the strategist desires the brand to be perceived by the target audience. Brand positioning is also a part of brand identity; it is about the way by which the intended audience can be effectively targeted. However modern studies highlights that branding has 5 aspects that are, design, positioning, customer relationship, storytelling and price (Healey, 2008, p.8). Thus in order to sustain with a brand in the market and continuously communicating the messages to the target customers, Relationship Marketing is a key process. The next half of the project will offer insights about relationship marketing. The area of relationship marketing has been an area of focus for the last few years. Relationship marketing mainly puts emphasis on the retention of customers rather than acquiring new customers. It heavily stresses on the process of customer satisfaction and gives less importance to sales transactions. Relationship

To what extent has the UKs Vocational Education and Training (VET) Essay

To what extent has the UKs Vocational Education and Training (VET) system contributed to a skills gap Discuss with reference to the UKs potential to learn from other countries VET systems - Essay Example 5). Despite that, UK still continues to suffer from a skills gap that has affected its high economy. 3 This paper provides arguments that establish the participation degree played by the UK national VET system in bridging the skills gap. The aim is not to provide a theoretical analysis of UK’s performance, but rather to reference performance frameworks to Australian and Germany VET systems by establishing what can be learnt. 3 The term Vocational education and training (VET) originates from the content and purpose of the training. International bodies define VET as the means of preparing occupation professional fields for effective participation in the labour market (Bosch and Charest 2010, p. 1). However, this definition may not fit the current educational dimension that is characterised by university education that also prepares individuals for the workforce under specific professions. Thus, while higher education is concerned with the preparation to the labour market, vocational training is more concerned with earlier specialization for an occupational field. For this paper, we shall adopt Brockmann’s (2008 p, 2). Definition of VET an integrated and comprehensive system aimed to offer learners the ability to act competently within an occupation. 6 VET helps to match individual skills with labour force and existing market needs, equips individuals with lower levels of education with developed skills that can enable them fit into the expanding global economy that has introduced competition among countries. Vocational training also empowers young and inexperienced employees with ‘job ready’ skills, and develops a high skilled labour force that encourages and country investments by increasing economic growth (OECD 2011, p.7). 6 The universal decisive shift from holistic to vocational training in recent years has induced the UK to seek initiatives that aim at addressing her

Comparison of Electroconvulsive Therapy and Antidepressants

Comparison of Electroconvulsive Therapy and Antidepressants Brief 101151 INTRODUCTION Depression is one of the more common forms of mental illness. It has been estimated that approximately 9.5% of the population will suffer with depression at any one time (Robins and Regier 1990) and that 17% of people will suffer with depression at some point in their life (Blazer et al 1994). Defining depression is not a straight forward task. This is due to the fact that it can range from normal unhappiness through persistent and pervasive ways of feeling and thinking to psychosis (Hale 1997). Having said this, a number of different features which can be associated with depression have been identified by Hale (1997): Persistent low mood Loss of interest and enjoyment Reduced energy and diminished activity Poor concentration and attention Low self esteem and low confidence Ideas of guilt and unworthiness Bleak pessimistic views of the future Ideas or acts of self harm or suicide Disturbed sleep Diminished appetite It is also possible to distinguish between three major types of depression. The first form of depression is Dysthymia which involves long-term chronic depressive symptoms which do not necessarily disable the individual. The second form is Bipolar Disorder which involves the patient experiencing periods of mania and depression through cycles of mood change. The third and final category concerns Major Depression. The symptoms involved with this mental illness combine to ensure that it is difficult for the patient to work, study or to enjoy activities as well as them having difficulties regarding eating and sleeping patterns. It is this third and most serious form of depression which will be the focus of the following discussion. TREATMENT OF SEVERE DEPRESSION A number of different approaches to the treatment of depression have been taken which are based on a range of theoretical perspectives. These include approaches such as Cognitive Behavioural Therapy, Psychoanalysis and those based on increasing exercise levels. However, perhaps the most common treatment for depression involves the use of antidepressant drugs (American Psychiatric Association 1993) These include medications such as Tricyclic (which is cheap and effective but does have side effects which limit compliance), Selective Serotonin Up-Take Inhibitors (which has fewer side effects but less effective for disturbed sleep) and Monoamine (which, in rare cases, can be fatal when mixed with certain foods) Although antidepressants can be effective, research has indicated that they may not be the optimal solution. For example, Thomas et al (1982) conducted a study involving 115 participants who were randomly allocated to receive either a combination of antidepressants or a placebo. T he medication was found to have a significant effect but non-compliance was identified as a significant problem. It has been estimated that non-compliance regarding antidepressant drugs is between 20 and 59% (Johnson 1973 and Thomas et al 1982). Further research has also reported that patients who are suffering with depression are still at a significant risk of relapse or recurring symptoms even when they have been adhering to their medication programme for a long period of time (Grunhaus et al 1990). It may also be the case that medication is not suitable for all forms of depression. For example, Hale (1997) suggested that antidepressants may not be effective for psychotic depression. Therefore, as a result of the potential drawbacks of non-compliance, relapse and not being effective for all forms of depression, efforts have been made to identify other approaches for the treatment of severe depression. One of the most controversial treatment approaches is Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT). It was first used in 1938 by Cerletti and Bini (Linington and Harris 1988). It involves sending an electrical current through the patient’s brain with the aim of stimulating the release of neurotransmitters which will ultimately improve the patient’s mood. ECT has obtained a somewhat negative reputation due to stories of bitten tongues and fractured bones and it is often seen as a form of punishment rather than treatment. However, reviews of its application have demonstrated that ECT does have significant benefits compared to simulated ECT, when all procedures are followed without an electrical current actually being given (The UK ECT Review Group 2003). Whenever one is making decisions regarding the use of any given treatments, one must consider the body of scientific evidence which has assessed the treatment’s efficacy and effectiveness. The following review will aim to consi der the research which has assessed the efficacy and effectiveness of ECT as a treatment for severe depression in order to determine its effectiveness with reference to the use of antidepressants. RESEARCH QUESTION Thus, the following review will aim to answer the question ‘Is ECT an effective treatment compared with antidepressants in cases of severe depression’. The methodology which was employed within this research will now be outlined. LITERATURE SEARCH A systematic review aims to integrate existing information from a comprehensive range of sources, utilising a scientific replicable approach, which gives a balanced view, hence minimising bias. It can also be stated that systematic reviews provide a means of integrating valid information from the research literature to provide a basis for rational decision making concerning the provision of healthcare. 2.1 SOURCES OF DATA The methodology employed within the research involved obtaining data from three key sources: Computerised searches, Manual searches, and the Internet. Each of these data sources will now be considered in more detail. 2.11 COMPUTERISED SEARCHES The methods used in this research will include a detailed computerised literature search. Multiple databases, both online and CD–Rom will be accessed to retrieve literature because they cite the majority of relevant texts. The computerised bibliographic databases are:- MEDLINE EMBASE CINAHL PSYCHINFO Biological Abstracts Cochrane SIGLE However because articles may not be correctly indexed within the computerised databases, other strategies will be applied in order to achieve a comprehensive search. 2.1.2 MANUAL SEARCHES A manual search will be performed to ensure that all relevant literature is accessed. The manual searches will include:- Books relevant to the topics from university libraries and web sites Inverse searching- by locating index terms of relevant journal articles and texts Systematically searching reference lists and bibliographies of relevant journal articles and texts 2.1.3 THE INTERNET The internet will provide a global perspective of the research topic and a searchable database of Internet files collected by a computer. Sites accessed will include:- Department of Health National Institute of Clinical Excellence English National Board of Nursing, Midwifery and Health Visiting Google British Medical Journal 2.2 IDENTIFICATION OF KEY WORDS A set of key words will be used within the literature search. Elements of the research question will be used to provide the search terms. Therefore, the words Electroconvulsive Therapy, Antidepressants, Depression, Effectiveness and Evaluation will all be used. 2.3 INCLUSION AND EXCLUSION CRITERIA To ensure that the more relevant research studies are identified, a set of inclusion and exclusion criteria will be utilised. In order to be included in this research the studies will need to relate to the evaluation of Electroconvulsive Therapy and relate to the treatment of depression. Furthermore, studies will be excluded if they are published before 1975 or if they are not available in English. DISCUSSION This review has identified literature which has focussed on assessing the effectiveness of ECT in comparison to antidepressants regarding the treatment of severe depression. In order to structure the discussion, the research will be analysed with reference to the benefits of ECT regarding relapse, patients who are drug-resistant and those with severe depression in particular. The potential drawbacks of ECT will then be briefly considered before overall conclusions are drawn regarding the research question. 3.1 RELAPSE Studies were located which highlighted the benefits of ECT regarding the reduction of relapse. For instance, Petrides et al (1994) reviewed the case histories of 33 patients who had been diagnosed with long term depression. A set of 21 patients were included in the study as a one year follow up report was available for analysis. Each of the participating patients had been taking antidepressants for a significant length of time but were still experiencing relapses of depression. After the delivery of ECT it was reported that the number of patients with depression who suffered relapses fell from a normal rate of 50% to 33% at the one year follow up. For the patients with delusional depression in particular, the relapse figure fell from a normal rate of 95% to 42%. Based on this research it would appear that ECT can be more effective than antidepressants in terms of reducing relapse rates. A more recent and relevant study was conducted by Gagne et al (2000) which also involved the retrospective reviewing of patients’ notes. Two groups of 29 matched participants were identified. The first group had only been taking antidepressants were as the second group had antidepressants along with ECT. At the two year follow up stage the relapse rates for those who had ECT was 52% compared to the 93% associated with those who only had medication. At the five year follow up stage, the relapse rate for the drug-only group had fallen slightly to 73% where as the ECT group had fallen dramatically to just 18%. The average survival rate of the ECT group was 6.9 years which was significantly longer than the 2.7 years for the drug-only group. Therefore the research considered in this section would lead one to conclude that ECT can be more effective than antidepressants alone in terms of reducing relapse rates. Having said this, it should be noted that these research projects involve d combining ECT with antidepressants rather than replacing them entirely. 3.2 MEDICATION RESISTANT PATIENTS Although antidepressants are effective for many patients with depression, there are some groups for whom it is less effective. Rabheru and Persad (1997) reviewed the literature which focused on assessing the effectiveness of ECT for patients who were found to be resistant to antidepressant medication. They found that the research evidence indicated that ECT could have significant benefits for medication resistant patients. These benefits were particularly relevant for elderly patients with depression. An important point to make here, however, was demonstrated by research conducted by Prudic et al (1996). They reported that the effectiveness of ECT may decline as the time for which the patient has suffered with severe depression increases. Therefore, the approach of using ECT when the patient has been found to be resistant to antidepressants may not be the optimal approach as the possible benefits of ECT may have been reduced. Therefore, this section has demonstrated that ECT could be beneficial for patients who have severe depression and have not been significantly helped by the use of antidepressants. However, it is important to note that the use of ECT may decline over time. 3.3 PATIENTS WITH SEVERE DEPRESSION Further research has indicated that ECT may well have particular benefits over antidepressants with regards to patients who have severe depression. Sobin et al (1996) conducted research to evaluate the effectiveness of ECT for patients with a range of levels of depression. They reported that 70% of the participants responded significantly as a result of the ECT and that significant improvements were made by those who had severe depression. Other research has also leant support for the assertion that ECT is particularly beneficial for patients with severe depressive symptoms, mood congruent delusions and those who are at prominent risk of committing suicide (Martin 1989, Schatzberg 1992, Persad 1990, Philibert et al 1995 and Fink et al 1996). It appears that the attributes of ECT are particularly suited to the treatment of people with severe depression. It may be that the more severe a person’s depressive symptoms are, the more drastic and severe the treatment approaches need t o be for them to be effective. CONCLUSIONS This review has considered research which has investigated whether ECT is effective in treating severe depression when compared to antidepressant drugs. Based on this research it can be concluded that ECT, when combined with antidepressants, does appear to significantly reduce patients’ relapse rates. It can also be said that the evidence supports the view that ECT can be effective for patients who have been found to be resistant to antidepressants. The third and final conclusion is that ECT appears to be particularly suited to patients with the more severe forms of depression. Having said this, some criticisms need to be acknowledged regarding this body of research. For instance, Rose et al (2003) highlighted three major drawbacks. Firstly 1 in 3 patients who are given ECT report persistent memory loss. Secondly, the research studies conducted by clinicians in this area report more positive results than those conducted by consumer agencies. This may be due to the selection of participants or the focus of the research questions. The third and final drawback outlined by Rose et al (2003) is that the studies which support ECT rarely assess the long term effects or cognitive functioning and the majority of them were conducted many years ago using small samples. The research is also limited because it mainly uses case studies (Thienhaus et al 1990), naturalistic studies (Aronson et al 1987) or retrospective reviews of patient notes (Stiebel 1995). Few randomly controlled trials were highlighted by this literature search. Such criticisms must be kept in mind when considering the effectiveness of ECT in comparison to antidepressants for treating severe depression. 5.0 IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE Guidelines produced by the National Institute of Clinical Excellence, based on a review of Department of Health and Cochrane database research, recommends that ECT be used for rapid and short term improvements for patients with severe depression or who are at significant risk of suicide (Tharyan and Adams 2003). However, as highlighted by the Royal College of Psychiatrists (2003) in their response to these guidelines, the use of ECT may have a wider scope than this approach would suggest and the guidelines may ensure that patients who may benefit from ECT are not given the treatment. Further research in this area will provide a basis upon which to test the appropriateness of these guidelines and the current use of ECT. It would appear that ECT can have significant benefits for patients with severe depression but that more efforts need to be made to tackle the negative impressions which may be associated with this treatment such that it can become a more accepted approach. The main im plication of this review for practice is that ECT appears to have a significant role to play in the treatment of severe depression but that it is likely to be alongside the use of antidepressants rather than instead of them. This strategy will enable the most comprehensive treatment programme to be delivered to the patients and ensure that their chances of a full recovery are maximised. REFERENCES American Psychiatric Association (1993). Practice guidelines for major depressive disorder in adults. American Journal of Psychiatry; 150(suppl): 4. Aronson TA, Shukla S, and Hoff A: (1987) Continuation therapy after ECT for delusional depression: a naturalistic study of prophylactic treatments and relapse. Convulsive Therapy; 3:251–259[Medline] Blazer DG, Kessler RC, McGonagle KA, and (1994) Swartz MS. The prevalence and distribution of major depression in a national community sample: the national comorbidity survey. American Journal of Psychiatry;151:979-6. Gagne, G. G., Furman, M. J., Carpenter, L. L. and Price, L. H. (2000) Efficacy of continuation ECT and antidepressant drugs compared to antidepressants alone in depressed patients. American Journal of Psychiatry, 157, 1960-1963 Grunhaus L, Pande AC, and Haskett RF (1990) Full and abbreviated courses of maintenance electroconvulsive therapy. Convulsive Therapy; 6:130–138 Johnson DAW. (1973) Treatment of depression in general practice. British Medical Journal; ii: 18-20. Linington, A. and Harris, B. (1988) Fifty years of electro-convulsive therapy. British Medical Journal, 297, 1354-1355 Martin BA (1989) Electroconvulsive therapy for depression in general psychiatric practice. Psychiatric Journal of the University of Ottawa; 14:413–417 National Institute for Clinical Excellence (2003). Guidance on the use of electroconvulsive therapy. London: NICE, 2003. www.nice.org.uk/pdf/59ectfullguidance.pdf (accessed 9 Jun 2003). Persad E: (1990) Electroconvulsive therapy in depression. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry; 35:175–182[Medline] Petrides G, Dhossche D, Fink M, and Francis A: (1994) Continuation ECT: relapse prevention in affective disorders. Convulsive Therapy; 10:189–194 Philibert RA, Richards L, Lynch CF, and Winokur G: (1995) Effect of ECT on mortality and clinical outcome in geriatric unipolar depression. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry; 56:390–394[Medline] Prudic J, Haskett RF, Mulsant B, Malone KM, Pettinati HM, Stephens S, et al. (1996) Resistance to antidepressant medication and short-term clinical response to ECT. American Journal of Psychiatry;153:985-92. Rabheru K, and Persad E: (1997) A review of continuation and maintenance electroconvulsive therapy. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry; 42:476–484 Robins LN, Regier DA (Eds) (1990). Psychiatric Disorders in America, The Epidemiologic Catchment Area Study,; New York: The Free Press. Rose D, Wykes T, Leese M, Bindman J, and Fleischmann P. (2003) Patients perspectives on electroconvulsive therapy: systematic review. British Medical Journal;326: 1363-5.[Abstract/Free FullText] Sackeim HA (1994) Continuation therapy following ECT: directions for future research. Psychopharmacology Bulletin; 30:501–521 Schatzberg AF: (1992) Recent developments in the acute somatic treatment of major depression. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry; 53(Mar suppl):20–25 Sobin C, Prudic J, Devanand DP, Nobler MS, and Sackeim HA. (1996) Who responds to electroconvulsive therapy? British Journal of Psychiatry;169:322-8. Stiebel VG: (1995) Maintenance electroconvulsive therapy for chronically mentally ill patients: a case series. Psychiatric Service; 46:265–268 Tharyan P, and Adams` `C`E (2003) Electroconvulsive therapy for schizophrenia. Cochrane Schizophrenia Group. Cochrane Database Systematic Review;(1): CD000076 The UK ECT Review Group (2003) . Electroconvulsive therapy: systematic review and meta-analysis of efficacy and safety in depressive disorders. Lancet;361: 799-808 Thienhaus OJ, Margletta S, and Bennett JA: (1990) A study of the clinical efficacy of maintenance ECT. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry; 51:141–144 Thompson J, Rankin H, Ashcroft GW, Yates CM, McQueen JK, and Cummings SW. (1982) The treatment of depression in general practice: a comparison of L-tryptophan, amitriptyline and a combination of L-tryptophan and amitriptyline with placebo. Psychological Medicine; 12: 741-751[Medline].

Essay --

Introduction Aircraft maintenance is interpreted as the activity in sustaining an aircraft to its serviceable condition in the manners of inspection, repair, overhaul, replacing or modification of an aircraft component. The aviation industry also needs a systematic management in terms of organizing the maintenance activity. A proper management helps the organization to sets up a good reputation in term of providing a decent business service. In addition, an organization develop their own complex methodology to maintenance requires modern administration both in the advancement of the beginning maintenance program and at its usage by the industry. In part, this methods responding to real mishaps by making forceful move to anticipate similar accidents, yet without taking away from continuous security projects to address other risks. Almost all aircraft accidents are caused by a chain of events, the elimination of any one of which could have prevented the accident. The most regular link in these chai ns involves human factors (pilots, air traffic controllers, maintenance crews, etc.). However, in some cases, one or more links in the accident chain are linked with the design of the aircraft. Either a management deficiency results in an equipment malfunction that leads to an accident, or a design improvement could have prevented a surprising event from resulting in an accident. For those reasons, an aviation organization need to be organized in accordance with the regulatory requirements to avoid accidents thus maintaining the financial of the business. â€Æ' Legislation Legislation is described as law that has been circulating by a regulatory body for a certain circumstances to maintaining and standardize an outcome. From the web search re... ...on whether or not an organization has to outsource a part of their business is a difficult one, and should not be taken lightly. Finding for short-term cost savings is not a bad idea, but choosing a step based solely on cost reduction or tactical problems is a short-term solution and will weaken a company's potential for long term achievement. The organization should have sufficient management skills and the capability to adapt new behaviours and processes to effectively manage an external part of their business. These skills should include knowledge of management abilities and a enthusiasm to apply them to a new and more challenging situation. Implicit knowledge must specifically be considered when planning a critical strategy, particularly if the component of the business to be outsourced by now exists internally and valuable institutional knowledge will be lost.

Prejudice in “Of Mice and Men” Essay

â€Å"Prejudices are the chains forged by ignorance to keep men apart. † – Marguerite Gardiner. In society, both modern and in the past, prejudice has been a tool of thinking and labeling a group of race, people, class and culture in order to distinguish ones superiority and dominance from one another, but is simply a way to judge without gathering valid facts. In Of Mice and Men by John Steinbeck, we see that prejudice was just as rampant in the 1930’s. In the novel, prejudice is demonstrated on 3 different levels: racial, sexual and social. It is shown how these prejudices generate false perceptions that although meant to aid, do no such good as their end result is clouding the truth. Racial prejudice is most significant when describing Crooks, who happens to be the stable buck for the farm. Crooks is also a Black man with a back disability, hence the reason he is called â€Å"Crooks†. While most of the other workers live in the same area and attend to jobs that are quite similar, Crooks is forced to live by himself, work alone in the stables and is almost never in contact with any of the other characters. People such as Curly’s Wife go as far as to ridicule Crooks and even look down at him simply for the fact that he is a Black man with a disability who is a laborer. In one instance, Curly’s Wife threatens Crooks by telling him â€Å"Listen, Nigger, you know what I can do if you open your trap, I could get you strung up on a tree so easy it ain’t funny† (Steinbeck, 98). The open brutality of this comment shows that even a woman, who would normally not have much or any say during this time in the 1930’s, is still considered higher in social class than an African-American man. Nothing is known about him as a person by any of the other farm attendants, but the prejudices that in this case are completely false help propel a gap between them, when one does not need to be. Although he may be physically handicap, he is just as capable as any of the others. As a result of being an outcast at the farm, Crooks has become very isolated and disengaged with the other members. When Lennie enters Crooks cabin in order retrieve the puppies, Crooks lashes out and tells Lennie â€Å"I ain’t wanted in the bunk room and you ain’t wanted in my room† (Steinbeck,124). This comment shows that Crooks has become bitter and alone because of the prejudice constantly being aimed at him when there is no reason for the way he is treated. He is a great overall example of racial prejudice in Of Mice and Men and society, both past and present, in which a African-American male, who is as capable as any man of another color is denied the same opportunities because of stereotypes and perceptions which can only be supported with biased false facts. Sexual prejudice is strong when Curly’s Wife is a part of a scene. Curly’s Wife also happens to be the only female that is currently occupying the place of work that the novel is set in. Curly’s Wife is presented as a character who tends to be very friendly with all the men on the farm and enjoys the attention she gets because her husband, Curly does not give her the amount of attention that she wants, so she finds it with others. Curly’s Wife is often avoided by all other who work at the farm because she is a woman who could get them in a lot of trouble. Curly is the boss’ son and Curly’s Wife being the daughter-in-law always gets her way and can have any man in the farm fired without reason. â€Å"She got the eye goin’ all the time on everybody. I bet she even gives the stable buck they eye. I don’t know what the hell she wants† (Steinbeck,51). Being a woman, there is already significant amount of sexual prejudice directed to her and the fact that she is very flirtatious with the other men further strengthens their perception of her. They all try to remain as calm as possible, careful not to give her the wrong idea cause they know the trouble that she could get them in. In actuality it appears that Curly’s Wife only craves attention from the other men and nothing sexual because of the lack of her husband to give her the attention that she wants. The idea of her wanting something only sexual and not spiritual shows the prejudice associated with gender in this novel and how its falsehood prevents a lonely woman from engaging and connecting with others on a mental level. Equally important is the Social prejudice towards characters such as Candy and Lennie in Of Mice and Men. Candy is very old and not capable of doing much around the farm but is still kept around to do the simple chores that the others are seen as more of a waste of time for others. These simple chores are envied by others and this jealousy helps create a division between Candy and the others. Candy also has a dog that in many ways is similar to him â€Å"[The] dog ain’t no good to himself. I wisht somebody’d shoot me if I got old an’ a cripple (pg. 45). † They are both described as being old, withered, confused and in many ways more of a nuisance who would do more good dead than alive. Socially being hated by the majority of the men at the ranch shows the prejudice that is directed without any reason, but simply motivated by jealousy. In the instance of Lennie, social prejudice is strongest evident in the perception others have of him because in their eyes, all they see is a big oaf incapable of accomplishing anything intelligent and only kept around for his strength. Before meeting Lennie and even engaging him in conversation, his position has already been established at the Ranch. With Curly we see that â€Å"[He’s] like a lot of little guys. He hates big guys. He’s alla time picking scraps with big guys. Kind of like he’s mad at ’em because he ain’t a big guy† (pg. 26). Regardless of his ability to be of help at the farm, Curly already establishes his position on Lennie even though he has had no significant direct contact or enough time to accurately depict Lennie as a person and not just a big man physically. Not only Curly, but other members of the farm also have decided Lennie’s place at work before fully knowing him. He is left out of card games, left back at the ranch when George and the others go out to hand more important jobs. Being considered a simple minded men with little use who spend their days playing with and day dreaming about rabbits or sweeping after others, Lennie and Candy have become outcasts in the sense that one of them is perceived to be mentally unstable and added to the fact that he is physically strong, while the other one is a nuisance who many could live without, make them both isolated and all the more reason to be avoid and singled out. â€Å"Of Mice and Men† is a brilliant novel in demonstrating that prejudice is a tool that people use to become more familiar with other individuals in order to overcome the fear of uncertainty. However, the ending result is that it puts distance between the person and the one they judge because it is not fact, but perception that is completely untrue. Prejudice is simply the reasoning of a fool to make themselves feel secure.

Film Analysis of The Lady Eve Essay

The Lady Eve is a film, which tells the love tale of unlikely couple who meet each other in one of their trip on a Luxury Liner. The movie was released way back 1941 in the United States, directed by a multi-talented Director â€Å"Preston Sturges† and was written by a great dramatist â€Å"Monckton Hoffe†. In general, the lady eve is a romantic comedy film, filled with different twists and turns, on which gives a picture of an extra ordinary love story of two individuals living in a totally different world. With the depicted differences in the storyline, the plot of the movie is definitely interesting and exciting. (Star Pulse) Although, the movie Lady Eve, by Preston Sturges, did not achieve major success to garner movie awards and honorable recognition in film festival, apart from the nomination for Academy Awards – Best Writing and Original Story. The film still receives a bunch of positive feedback from credible movie critic in different generation, on which the director, artists and the rest of the people responsible for the movie had received positive recognition from the viewers of almost every generation for the film â€Å"The Lady Eve†. (Star Pulse) In the year 1994, the movie Lady Eve was acknowledged as socially, aesthetically and historically significant by the â€Å"United States National Film Registry†, on which the movie was selected for preservation by the â€Å"Library of Congress† for its social and moral importance. Nevertheless, the Lady Eve film was a wonderful work of art, that gives a fair picture of romance and comedy love tale, which mirrors a true to life situation of love and journey. (Star Pulse) Talented actors and actresses, on the other hand, had been pivotal on the outcome of the movie. The cast of the movie is set with bunch of – talented, effective, actors and actresses. Reputable actress, â€Å"Barbara Stanwyck† had played the lead role as Jean Harrington and a multi-talented film and stage actor â€Å"Henry Fonda† portrayed the leading man role as Charles Pike. In the movie, Barbara Stanwyck and and Charles Pike had played great music, on which they complement each other with their role and make the movie more appealing and exciting to watch. Nonetheless, the movie Lady Eve is one of the most humorous film way back the World War II era, on which a survivor of ever changing taste of the movie critics and audiences. (Star Pulse) Moreover, the Lady Eve is a thematic romance and comedy film. It tells the tale of two strangers with different outlook in life, bind together of their fate when they meet at a Luxury Shipping Line in one of their travels. Jean Harrington is a con artist who lives with her father â€Å"Colonel Harrington†, on which she falls in love with a guy she met on her travel. Charles Pike, on the other hand, is a rich and decent man – a philologist, who stayed in Amazon for a long period of time for his study on snakes. The movie takes place in a ship, when Jean Harrington is on a travel with her father heading back to New York, sharing the same luxury ship with the unsophisticated guy Charles Pike, who is on his travel back to the United States after his long stay in Amazon for his studies. In the ship’s dinning, Jean Harrington had saw Charles who is at that time reading a book, entitled â€Å"Are Snakes Necessary†. This scene is really funny, as Jean showed up her attraction to Charles Pike, when she trips Charles on purpose to drive his attention. This scene had been the start of the romance and comedy, on which Jean and Charles had fall to each other. In the story, snakes had been the sexual symbol that is the start of romance scenes between the two lead characters. Truthfully in love as they are, Jean and Charles, had several misunderstanding and broke up with each other. The movie is filled with romance and comedy scenes where it depicts the journey of Jean and Charles as a lover that later on succeeds in pursuit of their love. Nonetheless, this movie is totally a thematic romance and comedy film that tells the difficulties and happiness of an extra ordinary love story. In the end, Jean Harrington and Charles Pike had survived the challenges of love, despite the many differences that threatens their relationship, they managed to surpass and live with each other in-love. After all, the movie has a great opening and ended as one of the superb romantic comedy love tale, the movie industry had. It can be argued that comedy is the true theme of the movie Lady Eve. The movie is amazingly funny, on which almost every scenes is a depiction of comedy acts that is definitely satisfying – it brings me to laughter. No doubt, the Lady Eve is a product of humorous mind that depicts funniest twists and turns in its story. Definitely, most of the scenes in the movie contribute to address properly the theme of the movie. One of those scenes is the opening scenario, on which Jean trips Charles on purpose when she broke her heel to attract the attention of Charles. It possibly funny, due to the fact that Barbara Stanwyck, had turned to be an effective comedy actress in her role in the movie. Another one is the scenes where snake serve as the sexual metaphor. It is many to mention specifically what scene, however, parts in the movie definitely contributes to address the true theme of the movie. The elements of the movie, on the other hand; which are divided into five, are effectively connected with each other to complete the theme. The narrative of the movie is chronological, on which the setting and plot of the film is according to the present time when it was produced. The movie depicts, the same era of the forties and is produced according on the order of time, during the 1940’s in the United States. Artist’s performance on the other hand showcases a superb portrayal of a role that is realistic and effectively funny. Major actors and actresses, mostly Barbara Stanwyck and Henry Fonda had been real with their portrayal of their role, on which they have been effective to be funny mostly in critical scenes in the movie. Nonetheless, the casts of the movie acts accordingly with the progress of the movie. Also, cinematography plays a pivotal role in the whole essence of the movie. It is the defining factor of certain scene, on which proper lighting and appropriate camera angle adds more emotion on the scene. In the movie Lady Eve, the cinematography is amazingly brilliant that supported the emotional aura of every scene in the film. One of my personal choices of cinematography in the movie is the scenes which involves Charles and his snakes. The camera angles are perfect – I admire the detailed angle of the snakes, and the lighting definitely sets the mood of that specific scene. With the aspect of editing, the editors had their job well done, as they apply appropriate transition of every scene that depicts on the movie. Each scene is well expressive, with the help of correct transition of every camera shots, from one angle to another. Nevertheless, the editing of the movie was wonderful, I admire the way the editors used â€Å"fade in, fade out† technique for the appropriate transition of each scene, which particularly interesting of the whole editing of the movie. In the art direction and design are perfect, as the directors and the rest of the crew had used proper – locations, effects, props, costumes and make up in the movie. The locations of every scene are perfect, which make every scenario organized with the actual time. Effects, props and costumes, on the other hand, are effective to make the scenes realistic and effective to imply proper emotions. All the funny and comedy scenes in the movie, however, are the definition of the style and strategy of the director, on which these scenes are definitely filled with humorous mind of director Preston Sturges. I personally like this movie, because of two main reasons. First is â€Å"humor†, I personally like the film on its humorous scripts which every funny scene are depictions of superb humor that brings me to laughter. Secondly, I personally like the movie because of its profound portrayal of comedy, on which every scene is a depiction of humor that at any moment funny thoughts will pop out in the script. After all, the movie Lady Eve is film filled with clear scripts and funniest scenes, which is definitely one of the finest movie in forties. Works Cited Star Pulse (2008),The Lady Eve Review: Retrieved May 8, 2008 from http://www. starpulse. com/movie/The_Lady_Eve/V28051/0/5/

Phrases and Expressions Using the Spanish Verb Tener

Phrases and Expressions Using the Spanish Verb Tener If there were a Top 10 list for Spanish verbs made versatile through idioms, tener would certainly  be in that list. A wealth of phrases using tener are often used to indicate emotions or states of being, and in many of those tener can be translated as to be rather than the more literal to have. There are also numerous other idioms using tener. (As used here, an idiom is a phrase that has a meaning more or less independent of the words in the phrase). Youll run across them all the time in writing and conversation. Perhaps the most common is the phrase tener que (usually in a conjugated form) followed by an infinitive and meaning to have to: Tengo que salir. (I have to leave.) Tendrs que comer. (You will have to eat.) Keep in mind that tener is highly irregular in its conjugation. List of Tener Phrases Following are some of the other common idiomatic phrases using tener. Words in brackets indicate that less generic words should be substituted: tener ... aà ±os (to be ... years old) - Tengo 33 aà ±os. (Im 33 years old.) tener claro que (to clearly understand or realize that)  Ã‚  -   Amelia tiene claro que ir a prisià ³n. (Amelia clearly understands she will be going to prison.) tener cuidado (to be careful) - Ten cuidado con lo que deseas. (Be careful with what you wish for.) tener ... de ancho/largo/altura (to be .... wide/long/tall) - Tiene 23 centà ­metros de ancho. (It is 23 centimeters wide.) tener a bien [hacer algo] (to see fit [to do something]) - Mi esposa tiene a bien comprar un coche. (My wife sees fit to buy a car.) tener a [alguià ©n] por ... (to consider or take [someone] to be) - Tengo a Roberto por tonto. I consider (or take) Roberto to be a fool. tener ganas de [algo] (to want to have [something], to feel like having [something]) - Es importante que tengas ganas de trabajar y aprender. (Its important that you want to work and learn.) tener por seguro (to rest or be assured, to take as a certainty) - Ten por seguro que vamos a Buenos Aires. (Rest assured that we are going to Buenos Aires.) tener prisa (to be in a rush or hurry) - Laura tenà ­a prisa por salir el paà ­s. (Laura was in a hurry to leave the country.) tener que ver con (to have a connection, to have something to with) - No tenà ­amos que ver con el incidente. (We had nothing to do with the incident.) tener razà ³n (to be right or correct) - En Amà ©rica el cliente siempre tiene razà ³n. (In America, the customer is always right.) tener sentido (to make sense) - Esa proposicià ³n no tiene sentido. (That proposal doesnt make sense.) tener sobre [algo] (to lean on [something]) - El paraguas tenà ­a sobre el coche. (The umbrella was leaning on the car.) tener un/una bebà ©/nià ±o/nià ±a/hijo/hija (to have a baby  boy/girl/son/daughter) - Tuvo una hija. (She had a baby girl.) no tener nombre (to be totally unacceptable) - Lo que dijiste de mis hijas no tiene nombre. (What you said about my daughters is totally unacceptable. This is similar to the English slang phrase There are no words for.) tener lugar (to take place) - Tiene lugar la fiesta en mi casa. (The party will take place in my home.) tener en cuenta (to bear or keep in mind) - No tenà ­a en cuenta la opinià ³n de sus hijos. (He didnt keep in mind the opinion of his children.) tener previsto (to expect, to plan) - Adn tiene previsto abandonar el equipo a final de temporada. (Adn is planning to leave the team at the end of the season.) tener suerte (to be lucky) - Carla tiene suerte de esta viva despuà ©s de que fue envenenada. (Carla is lucky to be alive after she was poisoned.) estar que no tenerse (to be tired out) - Estoy que no me tengo. (Im all tired out.) tenerse en pie (to stand) - Me tuve en pie para ver. (I stood up to see.) tenerse firme (to stand upright or firm, literally or figuratively) - Se tuvo firme a sus enemigos. ()He stood up firm to his enemies.) Key Takeaways Although tener often means to have, it is used in a wide variety of phrases that are best translated other ways.Tener has a highly irregular conjugation.Many of the tener idioms refer to emotions or states of being.

Drug Profile Paper Essays

Drug Profile Paper Essays Drug Profile Paper Essay Drug Profile Paper Essay Drug Profile Paper Shamrock/JW Chemical Dependency in the Workplace April 20, 2011 Drug Profile Paper This paper will summarize some aspects on the psychology and physiology of cocaine addiction as well as other particular drug substances that causes hallucinations and depression In addition illegal and legal drugs that are widely used by young adults like stimulants, cannabis and narcotics will be discuss as well. No doubt, crack cocaine surfaced to the Los Angeles street in the early 80’s this small but power drug took control of thousands of lives, destroyed multitudes of families and brought back gang related deaths in the thousands. To understand how cocaine drug use became so popular one would have to go back and research the very beginning of how it was used. The American people have always abused some type of substance, from the early beginning drugs were used for medical cures. Colonial residents and their predecessors relied on derivatives of natural substances to cure ailments, increase sexual potency, and relieve pain, and to provide pure old fashioned pleasure (De Quincey). Rumors states that Cocaine was used for medical purposes, and was the main ingredient in Coke Cola products back in the 1800’s. Men, and women both used cocaine, but women used it far, more often than men. These women would snort cocaine for energy. These tough pioneer women had a strong belief that cocaine increased their sex drive, improved coordination and concentration. In addition cocaine was administered by doctors and dentists to patients for pain and used for local anesthesia. Cocaine is an acid hydrochloride, and has three major effects. First effect is the euphoria (a feeling of excitement and joy). Second effect stimulant (a temporary increase in functional activity), and third local anesthesia (induced loss of sensitivity to pain in all or a part of the body for medical reasons). However, the short and long term effect of cocaine use never enters the minds of most people that drug abuse cocaine or any drug legal or illegal. The short term physiological effects of cocaine are increase heart rate, blood pressure, vertigo; dilated pupils, block blood vessel, and paranoia. The long term effects of cocaine are: heart disease, heart attacks, respiratory failure, strokes, seizures, gastrointestinal problems. Other physical symptoms include convulsionsokes, seizures, and ga failure, strokes, seizures, a coma nausea, blurred vision, chest pain, fever, muscle spasms, and coma (NIDA). In addition; irritability, mood swings restlessness, auditory hallucinations, paranoia, and addiction. In the same way crack cocaine affects the brain. The brain release a fluid called dopamine it connects to the nerve cells in the brain and the feeling of euphoria is felt. The brain stores its own dopamine, but crack speeds up the process of the release with a fast flush causing a feeling of great pleasure. Crack cocaine is smoke in a glass pipe the smoke enters the lungs and the travels quickly thru the body, and rushes to the brain this is where the short term euphoria feeling comes from. The come down from the psychology15second crack cocaine rush is very emotional it leaves the abuser in the state of depression, and a tremendous urge for more crack cocaine. Some crack abuser have shown schizophrenic tendencies, and hallucinations, example: Randy a twenty-three old black male smoke crack cocaine for two years straight one evening after a three day binge Randy started to hallucinate he saw rats running around his feet where there were no rats at all. From that point on Randy saw rats every time he would smoke crack cocaine until his death one year later from a seizer while smoking crack. Example two: Debbie a; thirty three: Thomas a thirty –six year old black male started snorting at the age of nineteen for an athletic injury. Snorting wasn’t strong enough after six months he started smoking, his habit grew, so large that he lied, and stole from his family just to feed the crack habit. Thomas crack cocaine abuse has caused him to lose his family, and friends he still smokes today while battling cancer of the throat. At this level, other drugs might not seem, so bad well don’t relax the new drugs are on the rise, and they are legal to have. Yes, legal cough syrup the new drug is called promethazine with codeine syrup; Promethazine/Codeine Syrup is a phenothiazine antihistamine and narcotic cough suppressant combination. The antihistamine works by blocking the action of histamine to reduce the symptoms of an allergic reaction, such as runny nose and sinus drainage. The cough suppressant works in the brain to decrease the cough reflex (Kluwer). In addition there’re two other drugs Oxycontin and Vicodin these pain killers have a higher health, and death rate for abusers. A study was done from a data base of Medicare recipients. The recipients were issued five different kinds of pain killers from 1996-2005. The researchers study 6,300 patients who took Vicodin, Darvon, Oxycodone, Ultram, and Oxycontin. The patients who took the Vicodin suffer some type of heart problems or intensify the heart condition they already had in a 180 days period: Example, Mary 85 year old black female has congestive heart failure takes Vicodin everyday for the last six years by her taking this drug she is able to walk and move her body with minimum pain. Every five months mucus, and water builds in the heart arteries and it has to be flush. Yes, Ms Mary is addicted to Vicodin and will have to have it for the rest of her life (Tillman). In addition the patients who took Oxycontin were prone to some kind of fracture to their bodies. The study show that all five drugs cause death to patients in small numbers, but after 30 days, those who took Oxycodone were 2. 4 times more likely to die than those taking hydrocodone, and codeine users were twice as likely to die (Kluwer). Certainly, the new strains of Marijuana can’t be left out. The new marijuana strains consist of eight types and 95 different brands. These new strains are highly potent with THC factors ranging from 20% to 30% and not deadly. It will take a few more years to know the results of the affects the new strains of marijuana will have on people that smoke marijuana. To conclude with all the different kinds of medication on the market and easy availability of illegal or legal it would be easy for anyone to be a abuser of drugs without knowing. Each person that uses any type of medication illegal or legal should research their drugs of choice that includes prescription for the short and long terms affects that the drug will have on their bodies and health. Reference History of Drug Use Retrieved April 25, 2011 from: druglibrary. org/schaffer/history/casey1 De Quincey, Thomas. Confessions of an Opium Eater. Preface to the original edition of 1822; revised 1856. London: Oxford University Press. 1902; reprinted 1960. Retrieved April 25, 2011 from:http://books. google. com/books? National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA) Retrieved April 25, 2011from: nida. nih. gov/researchreports/cocaine/effects. html Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. Issue Date: April 6, 2011Database Edition 11. 2. 1. 001Copyright  © 2011 Retrieved April 27, 2011 from drugs. com/cdi/promethazine-codeine-syrup. html Diana Tillman UOP student Retrieved April 25, 2011from personal notes files

A22 Churchill Tank in World War II

A22 Churchill Tank in World War II Dimensions: Length: 24 ft. 5 in.Width: 10 ft. 8 in.Height: 8 ft. 2 in.Weight: 42 tons Armor Armament (A22F Churchill Mk. VII): Primary Gun: 75 mm gunSecondary Armament: 2 x Besa Machine GunsArmor: .63 in. to 5.98 in. Engine: Engine: 350 hp Bedford twin-six gasolineSpeed: 15 mphRange: 56 milesSuspension: Coiled SpringCrew: 5 (commander, gunner, loader, driver, co-driver/hull gunner) A22 Churchill - Design Development The origins of the A22 Churchill can be traced back to the days prior to World War II. In the late 1930s, the British Army began seeking a new infantry tank to replace the Matilda II and Valentine. Following the standard doctrine of the time, the army specified that the new tank be capable of traversing enemy obstacles, attacking fortifications, and navigating the shell-cratered battlefields that were typical of World War I. Initially designated the A20, the task of creating the vehicle was given to Harland Wolff. Sacrificing speed and armament to meet the armys requirements, Harland Wolffs early drawings saw the new tank armed with two QF 2-pounder guns mounted in side sponsons.  This design was altered several times, including fitting either a QF 6pounder or a French 75 mm gun in the forward hull, before four prototypes were produced in June 1940.   These efforts were halted following the British evacuation from Dunkirk in May 1940. No longer needing a tank capable of maneuvering through World War I-style battlefields and after assessing Allied experiences in Poland and France, the army retracted the A20 specifications. With Germany threatening to invade Britain, Dr. Henry E. Merritt, director of Tank Design, issued a call for a new, more mobile infantry tank. Designated the A22, the contract was given to Vauxhall with orders that the new design be in production by the end of the year. Frantically working to produce the A22, Vauxhall designed a tank that sacrificed appearance for practicality. Powered by Bedford twin-six gasoline engines, the A22 Churchill was the first tank to utilize the Merritt-Brown gearbox. This allowed the tank to be steered by changing the relative speeds of its tracks. The initial Mk. I Churchill was armed with a 2-pdr gun in the turret and 3-inch howitzer in the hull. For protection, it was given armor ranging in thickness from .63 inches to 4 inches. Entering production in June 1941, Vauxhall was concerned about the tanks lack of testing and included a leaflet in the user manual outlining existing problems and detailing practical repairs to mitigate the issues. A22 Churchill - Early Operational History The companys concerns were well founded as the A22 was soon beset with numerous problems and mechanical difficulties. Most critical of these was the reliability of the tanks engine, which was made worse due to its inaccessible location. Another issue was its weak armament. These factors combined to give the A22 a poor showing at its combat debut during the failed 1942 Dieppe Raid. Assigned to the 14th Canadian Tank Regiment (Calgary Regiment), 58 Churchills were tasked with supporting the mission.  While several were lost before reaching the beach, only fourteen of those that made it ashore was able to penetrate into the town where they were quickly stopped by a variety of obstacles. Nearly canceled as a result, the Churchill was rescued with the introduction of the Mk. III in March 1942. The A22s weapons were removed and replaced with a 6-pdr gun in a new welded turret. A Besa machine gun took the place of the 3-inch howitzer. A22 Churchill - Needed Improvements Possessing a significant upgrade in its anti-tank capabilities, a small unit of Mk. IIIs performed well during the Second Battle of El Alamein.  Supporting the attack of the 7th Motor Brigade, the improved Churchills proved extremely durable in the face of enemy anti-tank fire. This success led to the A22-equipped 25th Army Tank Brigade being dispatched to North Africa for General Sir Bernard Montgomerys campaign in Tunisia. Increasingly becoming the primary tank of British armored units, the Churchill saw service in Sicily and Italy. During these operations, many Mk. IIIs underwent field conversions to carry the 75 mm gun used on the American M4 Sherman. This alteration was formalized in the Mk. IV. While the tank was updated and modified several times, its next major overhaul came with the creation of the A22F Mk. VII in 1944. First seeing service during the invasion of Normandy, the Mk. VII incorporated the more versatile 75mm gun as well as possessed a wider chassis and thicker armor (1 in. to 6 in.). The new variant employed welded construction rather than riveted to reduce weight and shorten production time. Additionally, the A22F could be converted into a flamethrower Churchill Crocodile tank with relative ease. One issue that did arise with the Mk. VII was that it was underpowered. Though the tank had been built larger and heavier, its engines were not updated which further reduced Churchills already slow speed from 16 mph to 12.7 mph. Serving with British forces during the campaign in northern Europe, the A22F, with its thick armor, was one of the few Allied tanks that could stand up to German Panther and Tiger tanks, though its weaker armament meant that it had difficulty defeating them. The A22F and its predecessors were also renowned for their ability to cross rough terrain and obstacles that would have stopped other Allied tanks. Despite its early defects, the Churchill evolved into one of the key British tanks of the war. In addition to serving in its traditional role, Churchill was frequently adapted into specialist vehicles such as flame tanks, mobile bridges, armored personnel carriers, and armored engineer tanks. Retained after the war, the Churchill remained in British service until 1952.

How the process of leadership may be used in order to maximise Essay

How the process of leadership may be used in order to maximise potential of the organisation and its employees - Essay Example This is as far as the investigation carried by Stephen A. Cohen and some of his employees at SAC Capital Partners on the same is concerned (Fisher et al.1992, p56). They found out that Goldman Sachs moved aluminum around from one warehouse to another so that they can improve their market position and at the same time increase their prices to consumers. Such kind of events imposes a major impact on peoples’ trust in financial institutions. The survey indicates that nearly eighty percent of Americans has a great mistrust for the big banks and that close to two-thirds of the Americans think that the corporate corruption is much widespread among the banks in the US as well as across the globe. There has been a significant increase in both the figures in the level of mistrust for the banking industry exhibited by Americans a few years ago (Yukl,2001,p65). This loss of trust is very costly on the part of banks because it is normally expensive and wasteful to regulate and monitor sys tem when there is no trust among the stakeholders. This is so because market competition cannot easily be an efficient substitute for integrity and trustworthiness. Another event that has led to the loss of trust is the disappearance of banking proper goal. At first banks main goal was to maximize stakeholders’ welfare but the banks have greatly transformed and are now only interested in maximizing the shareholders wealth by just concentrating on accumulation of profit and personal wealth. Loss of trust among customers was largely brought about by leadership styles adopted by the banks. The main reason is the agency problem whereby the Conflict of interest between the management and the shareholders exists. And management, therefore, engages in activities that pose a high financial gain to them as in the case of insider trading. They enter into agreements that increase the shareholders’ wealth at the expense of other stakeholders (Kotter,1996, p34). To maximize the pro fits, they charge exorbitant interest rates to customers. These autocratic leaders formulate policies on their own and then tell the employees what need to be done without involving them at all. This kind of leadership does not put leaders to task and therefore they cannot easily be monitored or commented upon (Isaksen & Tidd, 2006, p52). Staff, on the other hand performs the tasks as assigned to them which may perhaps even be poor and unsatisfactory services to bank customers. These poor services rendered to customers make them develop a negative image and even mistrust to bank. In addition, lack of employee involvement in the formulation of objectives leads to low motivation and commitment. This in turn lowers the returns for banks and therefore huge layoffs of personnel may occur to help reduce the operational costs. Leadership styles adopted to restore trust In order to solve the problem and maximize the potential of the organization and its employees, the banks should use trans formational leadership. A transformational leader is that who motivates the employees, enhances their morale and performance through a variety of mechanisms such as connecting the employee’s sense of identity and self to the project and the collective identity of the organization (Northouse, 2010, p53). He challenges the employees to take greater ownership and responsibility for their work and understands their weaknesses and strengths. This allows the leader to align the

Media and popular culture in China Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Media and popular culture in China - Essay Example Chinese history and culture have always been difficult to understand for western intellectuals. Although trade relationships between China and the rest of the world had gone on for centuries, there is always the perception of that the country represents the other, the Orient. This construct is noted to be in complete contrast to the Occident. Seen in light of this dichotomy, while sentiments and views expressed by Chinese leaders might appear contradictory or paradoxical to the western observer, they are not necessarily so for the Chinese people themselves. Chinese leader Dengs statement to the party to â€Å"Guard against the Right, but primarily against the Left† can hence be interpreted to be logically and practically plausible. The rest of this essay will elaborate on this thesis. Ever since the communist revolution of 1945 and the rise to power of the Communist Party of China (CCP), Marxist-Leninist thought have been the backbone of much of public policy. Under the iron rule of Mao Zedong, although several millions of Chinese lost their lives through their acts of rebellion, communist ideology has been reverentially promoted both within the party and among the general public. This is not to say that there are no contradictions and countervailing tendencies within the party leadership. If anything, when one looks at the priorities of Chinese leadership during the last six decades, it is clear that their holding on to authority is of paramount importance. Whether communist principles get implemented through public policy has been secondary to monopolization of power. And since the greatest threat to power comes from popular movements, as opposed to business interests, Dengs warning against the Left makes perfect sense. Although, the tendency to repress and sub due the public have taken new modes in recent decades, it was frequent even during the reign of Mao Zedong, the founding leader of the CCP. In 1958, Mao introduced a highly

Intercultural Communication Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 1

Intercultural Communication - Essay Example International students are an increasingly significant presence in our educational programs, and thus it is important to understand how they make the transition from their culture education to new constructs for learning, socializing and communicating. Hence, we need to enhance our understanding of the difficulties faced by international students and construct learning environments that facilitates intercultural communication among international students and host students. In order to critically evaluate the article, it is essential to read it through carefully made make important points as for the consistency and structure, also to discuss in details the parts that were included in the article, review the literature concerning intercultural communication of international students and the difficulties they face while studying internationally and the reason they limit their interaction with students who are culturally different, discuss findings and design of research, consider views of other authors and make sure the article corresponds to other recent research. Finally, come up with conclusion about article's credibility and views on how the article might be improved. When looking for books, articles, journals in the libraries (both university library and online libraries) and searching the world wide web the following keywords were used: intercultural communication; ethnic students; international education; language barriers; cross-cultura... a. Kijima, M, 'Schooling, multiculturalism and culture identity', International Education Journal, ERC2004 Special Issue, 2005, vol 5, no.5, PP.12-136 b. Doria, C, 'The truth about being an international student', Globally United, 2005 c. Dalglish C, Chan A, 'Expectations and reality: international student reflections on studying in Australia', Opportunities in a challenging environment, the Australian International Education Conference 2005'. d. Asmar C, June 2005, 'Internationalising students: reassessing diasporic and local students difference' Studies in Higher Education, v.30 n.3 p.291-309 e. Prescott A, Hellsten M, 2005 'Hanging together even with non-native speakers : the international student transition experience' 'Internationalizing higher education : critical explorations of pedagogy and policy' edited by P Ninnes and M Hellsten, pages 75-95. Hong Kong : Comparative Education Research Centre, University of Hong Kong p 75-95 f. McNamara D & Harris R 'Overseas Students in Higher education: Issues in Teaching and Learning, Routledge, 1997 3. Findings The following books and journals will be used to critically evaluate the article: a. Dalgish C, Chan A, 2005, 'Expectations and reality: international student reflections on studying in Australia', Opportunities in a challenging environment, The Australian International Education Conference, Education Australia. This item can be found in Southern Cross University library/ library database/A+ Education.This paper will be useful in assessing the article as it explores international students expectations, and difficulties faced studying overseas. b. Tomich PC, McWhiter JJ & Darcy MJA, 'Personality and International

Labor market discrimination Gender and Racial based Essay

Labor market discrimination Gender and Racial based - Essay Example Discrimination refers to distinction, restriction, differential treatment or exclusion which makes a person or a group in position of disadvantage when compared to others who are in similar circumstances or situations. Discrimination is part and parcel of social life and it is impossible to find any aspect of social life without discrimination. There are several types of discrimination and these include race, religion, age, ethnicity, gender, sex, language and disability (United Nations Economic and Social Council, 2009).. Basically, discrimination manifests itself through prejudices advanced against or in favor of another person, depending on the reasons stated above. The occurrence of prejudice normally refers to rejection of a person because the person belongs to discriminated group. Discrimination is also a matter of attitude among those who either practice it or become a victim to it. Since discrimination is something that is highly dependent on one’s attitude, it ought t o be considered in terms of both the one who is discriminated against and the one who is doing the discrimination. Though different types of discrimination exist all over the world with differences in intensity and magnitude, racial and gender discriminations are more widely and universally present. Racial discrimination refers to the difference shown to individuals on the basis of real and perceived racial difference while gender discrimination is due to difference in the sex. This difference is because of the assigned gender roles, prejudices and social construction. Review of literature on prevalence, causes and effects of gender and racial discrimination in the labor market are discussed in the following sections. ... ial and gender intolerance appears to be every bit of the societies and hence, it is interesting to review the causes and effects of these discriminations on labor market based on the earlier studies. Review of literature on prevalence, causes and effects of gender and racial discrimination in the labor market are discussed in the following sections. Prevalence of Racial and Gender based Discrimination in the Labor Market Large number of studies reveals that there is intensive racial discrimination in the US labor market. This kind of discrimination is essentially occurs through allocation of disadvanges and privileges depending on the color of one’s skin, or in other words, it is called as ‘colorism’(Hersch 2008). Racial discrimination is found across the job market, both in the industries; field as well as in the domestic chores. According to Ingram (2008), racial discrimination also manifests itself in the labor market through house hold chores. He argues that the time spent for attending the household chores should be considered as labor hours. He also presents evidence to the effect that US Blacks as well as non-white couples (heterosexual) tend to be discriminated against by being given extra workload in the house. The study is the evidence of pre-labor market discrimination as the labor for household chores is more discussed in it. As with racial discrimination in the market, there are a quite a number of empirical studies which shows the existence and effects of gender based discrimination in the labor market. Gender based discrimination is predominant in the domestic labor market with women normally working overtime and extra hours (Banton, 1998). Studies have also attempted to identify forms in which discrimination occurs. Along to Banton (1998), gender

Investigate Challenges in the Classroom (3) Coursework

Investigate Challenges in the Classroom (3) - Coursework Example The problem of multilingual classes especially has risen in the last decade because of intensive emigrational rates. Thus kids whose home language is not English have started filling kindergarten classes. The very first question that has become actual is how to reform class curriculum and methodic of education in order to provide the ESL (English Second Language) students with the same social and academic level as English native speakers get. Although, elementary school teachers claim that before getting to academic English and more professional levels of education in multilingual classes they first face the problem of misunderstanding of regular English and disability of students to speak normally even basic everyday English (Spycher 2009). Thus the problem becomes even more complicated: how to translate and teach foreign ESL kids English language so that it would be possible to move on to more academic education? Also, studies on two Puerto Rican kindergarteners revealed that often the educational result that kids get at kindergarten gets erased when the kids get involved into their natural cultural environment at home (Volk 1997). Because it turns out that every day teachers should remind the kids what they have learned yesterday. The reason for this is that often parents either don’t want to maintain American education for some reasons or simply can’t help their children with learning, for instance, English language, because they are lack of knowledge. Moreover, there are situations when parents are against American education because they believe it ruins their kids’ national identity (Volk 1997 p.25). Some teachers from Bright Futures prekindergarten in rural Peoria County, Illinois found out that the problem of understanding English is secondary because the main thing in multicultural and multilingual classes is to teach children how to be loyal to different cultures,

The Cold War and U.S. Diplomacy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 2

The Cold War and U.S. Diplomacy - Essay Example 20). Throughout the tenure of John F Kennedy, the nuclear arms race with the USSR and the Cold War remained his prime concerns. As a president and a statesman the spread of communism happened to be the point of focus for John F Kennedy and he considered the onus of wresting a containment of communism as the pivotal priority of the United States of America (Bose, 1998). What were the characteristics and ramifications of the containment strategy eschewed by Kennedy? Kennedy believed that Soviet Union was a potent and implacable enemy that aspired to spread its sway over the world in general and in the Western Hemisphere in particular. Thereby Kennedy laid emphatic stress on the need to maintain a balance of power against the Soviet Union even at the cost of curtailing other salient imperatives (Bose, 1998, p. 23). On the one side Kennedy’s containment doctrine envisaged to curtail the military threat posed by the Soviet Union to the allies and the United States and on the other side it intended to contain the Soviet influence owing to the political and economic ramifications of a possible spread of the communist doctrine (Bose, 1998)). Thereby, considering the military and politico-economic possibilities inherent in the expansion of Soviet influence, the crux of the Kennedy doctrine was to limit the spread of communism in countries across the world. ... The one salient theme of Kennedy’s containment doctrine was the assertion that as United States had the wherewithal and the capacity to influence and control events at the international level, thereby the nation must play a proactive role in actually doing so. Enunciate some of the international events and crisis situations that highlighted the implications of President Kennedy’s containment doctrine? Containment doctrine evinced multiple political and tactical ramifications during Kennedy’s tenure. Kennedy approved the Bay of Pigs invasion which involved the invasion of Cuba by a force of CIA trained Cuban exiles in 1961 (Higgins, 1987, p. 161). This invasion enjoyed an active encouragement and support from the Kennedy administration (Higgins, 1987). Sadly the entire force of the trained Cuban exiles was either killed or captured and Kennedy publicly owned the responsibility for the failure of this invasion (Higgins, 1987). The Bay of Pigs invasions illustrated the commitment of the Kennedy government to curtail the communist influence in the Western Hemisphere. The 1961 Berlin Crisis happened to be the last major politico-military confrontation between the USSSR and the US on the European soil that saw much diplomatic initiative on the part of Kennedy administration, in tandem with the salient containment doctrine. The Berlin crisis was initiated by the USSSR as it asked for an unconditional withdrawal of the Western forces from the West Berlin (Barnes, 2005, p. 194). This crisis culminated with the partition of Berlin and the erection of the Berlin Wall (Barnes, 2005, p. 195). In pursuance of his policy of containment, Kennedy responded to the Berlin Crisis by initiating a significant increase

Investigate Challenges in the Classroom (3) Coursework

Investigate Challenges in the Classroom (3) - Coursework Example The problem of multilingual classes especially has risen in the last decade because of intensive emigrational rates. Thus kids whose home language is not English have started filling kindergarten classes. The very first question that has become actual is how to reform class curriculum and methodic of education in order to provide the ESL (English Second Language) students with the same social and academic level as English native speakers get. Although, elementary school teachers claim that before getting to academic English and more professional levels of education in multilingual classes they first face the problem of misunderstanding of regular English and disability of students to speak normally even basic everyday English (Spycher 2009). Thus the problem becomes even more complicated: how to translate and teach foreign ESL kids English language so that it would be possible to move on to more academic education? Also, studies on two Puerto Rican kindergarteners revealed that often the educational result that kids get at kindergarten gets erased when the kids get involved into their natural cultural environment at home (Volk 1997). Because it turns out that every day teachers should remind the kids what they have learned yesterday. The reason for this is that often parents either don’t want to maintain American education for some reasons or simply can’t help their children with learning, for instance, English language, because they are lack of knowledge. Moreover, there are situations when parents are against American education because they believe it ruins their kids’ national identity (Volk 1997 p.25). Some teachers from Bright Futures prekindergarten in rural Peoria County, Illinois found out that the problem of understanding English is secondary because the main thing in multicultural and multilingual classes is to teach children how to be loyal to different cultures,

Inspirational Essay Example for Free

Inspirational Essay We walk around in the world and we as human beings look to find fulfillment and happiness in many things such as sports, friends, and boy/girlfriends and as young people when we get rejected by these things we act like we can’t go on with life. . But i challenge you to think about the meaning of LIFE. Well Life is a Gift of God, Abundance of receiving things. . In John 4 its speaks on living water and how Jesus uses both the physical and spiritual meaning of water when he speaks to the Samaritan Woman, He refers to the spiritual side as living water. People in the world tend to you suicide or hurting themselves as a way out of situations but God gave us eternal life so that we may be humble servants unto him. . God never puts more on us than we can bear. . Life is important so we really need to know the meaning of it because it seems to be lost in todays society. .I used to be bitter and sad before i had gotten saved. . I had a huge void that needed to be filled and nothing truly could fill it. . Except GOD.

Customer As Benefit A Positioning Strategy Marketing Essay

Customer As Benefit A Positioning Strategy Marketing Essay Positioning is to make happy consumers to perceive products and services and what strategies marketing adopt to reach this perceptual goal. Positioning strategies is very important for business in marketing sector. It can be performed from the object attributes, competition, application and the types of consumers involved, or the characteristics of the product class. All these attributes convey a separate direction in developing positioning strategies; it can create a favorable image in the minds of the consumers or audience. There are seven approaches to positioning strategies: 1. Using Product characteristics or Customer as benefit a positioning strategy: Product characteristics strategy originally focuses upon the characteristics of the product or customer benefits. Product characteristics can be durability, economy or reliability. Product quality is the main subject in this strategy. 2. Pricing as a positioning strategy: In this strategies depend on products quality and price. People want to get good quality in cheap price. 3. Positioning strategy based on Use or Application: When companies produce a product, in the same time they have to think about its alternative product. They need to make seasonal product also. 4. Positioning strategy based on Product Process: Product can be different by people choice. It depends on different types of fashion. Here same products need to present various ways. Product class can be several by people choice. 5. Positioning strategy based on Product Class: In this strategy product class need to make sure that critical positioning decisions. Here need similar types of product for its alternatives or substitute. 6. Positioning strategy based on Cultural Symbols: In this stage companies are trying to show that they respect culture and tradition. They use different types of goods that are no conflicted with culture. 7. Positioning strategy based on Competitors: In this type of positioning strategies, Companies are trying to stay in the market they try to make new brand as they can continue in the market and they can face other competitors. This strategy adopted because of competition. For every company positioning strategy is very effective. Every company should follow this strategy for their business. In the XCITE church, they could follow the 7 steps of positioning strategy. But they did not maintain positioning strategy. As a result the church could not afford to employ a full-time pastor and the church depended on volunteer workers. Unique positioning: Creating of awareness for a business, not-for-profit institution or association doesnt begin or finish with a mission statement. In fact, legation statements are a waste of time in todays world because they are singularly inward-looking and useless. Consciousness comes from a single peculiar positioning message that stimulates a conversation, and a spirit to know more. For unique positioning a unopposed and coercive positioning message is necessary because it sets apart from other competitors. To be successful, Companies must focus on one thing and be the best at it. The part of church service is to spread their service to people and welcome them to church. To increase churchs member and becoming more integrated within community, the following information may be of some help. Though by no means exhaustive, these are techniques that have worked for churches in the past, and which may work for community, as well. A Clear statements Make sure that convention has a clear statement of faith and the role it wants to take on in the community at large. A clear statement can help to find new member for community, and can help to draw new members to the church. The affection and compassion of Christ are endless, and endlessly shareable through community and brotherhood. It can help to make strong community. Charity Work The churchs services are involved with charity work. The church service is a great way to become more involved with the community. Try to make the church a resource for people who are interested in helping their community, whether theyre Christian or not. Gather information about them who are interested in charity and volunteer work. Community Events Community events are significant path to engage with the society and make neighborhood at the society. Youth Programs Young people can do any hard job easily. Teenagers are very curious about anything. Hiking, Skiing, and rock climbing trips, battles of the bands and camping retreats all provide opportunities for the youth nearest the church community to invite their friends of other faiths from the community at large to join in activities of friendship and togetherness. Working with other Religious Organizations working with other religious organizations can help to make partnership and friendship. Reach out to make friendships with church leaders of other denominations and faiths. Communication is often the first step creating a stronger and more unified neighborhood at the community. People in Need Some times church provides social services such as addicted and homeless people often receptive to spiritual guidance in a practical form. Also, single parents, in particular, are often in need of support and advice from their community, and your church has the opportunity to take a major role in the lives of such people and their children. The XCITE Church cannot maintain its unique positioning in the high competitive church market because the church had not enough resource to run their services properly. They had no full time pastor and also no musicians. The XCITE church had not own venue for their weekly services and run under a volunteer pastor. The church depends on international students and facing financial problem also. To continue churchs activity they need strong financial base but they had not enough wealth. On the other hand, other churchs had huge space for their weekly services and they added new services continuously to their menu. They added new food item on their food menu. The XCITE church had not unique positioning to run their services in the highly competitive church market. Reference List: Positioning Strategy. 2012. Positioning Strategy. [ONLINE] Available at:http://www.marketing91.com/positioning-strategies/. [Accessed 07 October 2012]. The Importance of Positioning Strategy | Proteus B2B Marketing Blog. 2012. The Importance of Positioning Strategy | Proteus B2B Marketing Blog. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.proteusb2b.com/b2b-marketing-blog/index.php/positioning-strategy-b2b-marketing/. [Accessed 07 October 2012]. How to increase Church Membership. 2012. How to increase Church Membership. [ONLINE] Available at:http://www.sharefaith.com/guide/church-business/increasing_church_membership.html. [Accessed 08 October 2012]. How to Increase Church Staff Without Spending a Dime by Ron Edmondson ChurchLeaders.com Christian Leadership Blogs, Articles, Videos, How Tos, and Free Resources. 2012. How to Increase Church Staff Without Spending a Dime by Ron Edmondson ChurchLeaders.com Christian Leadership Blogs, Articles, Videos, How Tos, and Free Resources. [ONLINE] Available at:http://www.churchleaders.com/outreach-missions/outreach-missions-how-tos/157793-ron_edmondson_how_to_increase_church_staff_without_spending_a_dime_outreach.html. [Accessed 08 October 2012]. Unique Positioning in One Sentence | David Henderson author, journalist, communications strategist. 2012. . [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.davidhenderson.com/2009/04/16/unique-positioning-in-a-sentence/. [Accessed 10 October 2012]. The key challenges faced by XCITE church The XCITE church faced some challenges. The first challenge was financial crisis. They could not spend more money for its operating cost. They had not own venue so they had to rent venue for their weekly services and the church spent huge money on its promotional materials. Church had to struggle for covering the operational cost. Most of the church members are student thats why they could not donate properly to the church. They had to depend on non members for their church activities. As church had financial crisis so they could not employ a full-time pastor. They dependent on volunteer pastor but weekdays he was not available at all. The pastor could not obey his duty properly. Members could not meet pastor when they need so some members were leaving the church. As a result the quality of churchs service goes down. During exam time student cannot co-operate properly due to their study loads also semester break same happened on the church. The XCITE church had limited element such a s pastoral care, hospitality and music systems. So the people cannot attend to their churchs ministries. Other main problems are to face XCITE church that is in the church-business they had competitors at the same area. Other competitors had huge space and many facilities. XCITE church caters for only university students but other church can arrange cater for families, students, elderly and children. To overcome from this key challenges XCITE church can apply SWOT analysis system. SWOT analysis system SWOT stands for strengths(S), weaknesses (W), opportunities (O) and threats (T). An overview of the four factors (Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats) is given below- Strengths Strengths are the abilities that enable to accomplish to the organizations target. Strengths can be tangible or intangible. These are what well-versed in or what expertise in the organization, the attachments and qualities individually or team and the distinct features that give to organization for its patience. Strengths are the beneficial appearances of the organization or the efficiencies of an organization, that includes process capabilities, human competencies, products and services, customer goodwill, financial resources, and brand loyalty. For the examples of strengths are broad product line, huge financial resources, no debt, committed employees, etc. If XCITE church can manage its financial condition they could solve the problem. The church had not enough money thats why it faces problem to maintain its operational cost. Weaknesses Weaknesses are the abilities that prevent from accomplishing to the mission and achieving its full potential. These weaknesses collapse influences on the organizational success and growth. For weaknesses of an organization may be faced depreciating machinery, insufficient research and development facilities, narrow product range, and poor decision-making problems. Weaknesses are manageable. Weaknesses must be minimized and eliminated form organization. The church had not full-time pastor. XCITE church had not enough materials. They depend on students only. Opportunities Opportunities are dedicated by the environment within an organization operates. Opportunities are arisen when an organization planning to increase its business range in this situation employ can take benefit of conditions in its environment to plan and execute strategies that enable it to become more profitable as they can prove their ability. Organizations also can gain competitive advantage by making use of opportunities in their farm or industries. Opportunities may emerge from industry/market competition, government and technology. Increasing demand for service opportunities may be arise and employ can prove their skills to the authority. If the XCITE church could accept people from their community and arrange competition to young people who wants to work as volunteer worker for the church could make opportunities for young eople. XCITE church could add some opportunities to their volunteer workers. Church could add cater for families, students, elders, children. They can arrange Sunday school for kids and nice music also. Threats When a company or organization established in their own business and getting more profit then threats-Threats may arise. Threats are uncontrollable. Any times it can create for business. When a threat comes, the durability and uplift can be at stake. For the examples of threats are increasing competitions leading to excess capacity, unrest among employees, changing technology, price wars and reducing industry profits, etc. XCITE churchs main threats are other huge church and their special services. SWOT Analysis take steps about information that helps in the firms resources and capabilities with the competitive environment. If XCITE church applies SWOT analysis to its operation it can solve its all limitations. It will be effective for XCITE church. The SWOT analysis is a valuable step in church situational analysis. Assessing churchs strengths, weaknesses, market opportunities, and threats through a SWOT analysis is a very simple process that can offer powerful insight into the potential and critical issues affecting for church. References SWOT Analysis Definition, Advantages and Limitations. 2012. . [ONLINE] Available at:http://www.managementstudyguide.com/swot-analysis.htm. [Accessed 09 October 2012]. SWOT Analysis Strategy Tools from MindTools.com . 2012. . [ONLINE] Available at:http://www.mindtools.com/pages/article/newTMC_05.htm. [Accessed 08 October 2012]. If I would the pastor of XCITE church I would follow the first strategic option. I would continue focusing on university students because I believe Young people can do everything. They have energy to do hard job and they are fresh. To find additional sources of income I would apply marketing mix strategy. To face the challenges I would apply extended marketing mix known as 7 ps. Marketing mix Marketing mix strategy  is about achieving marketing objectives through proper analysis of the 7 Ps or elements of marketing. 7 Ps are: Product XCITE churchs product is their service. Everyday church should add extra offer and need to compare services with other churchs service. Product should be significant from others product. Church should offer its products or service at all in the current market place. Prices The second P in the formula is price. Develop the habit of continually examining and reexamining the prices of the products and services church sell to make sure theyre still appropriate to the realities of the current market. Sometimes church need to lower prices. At other times, it may be appropriate to raise its price. Many companies have found that the profitability of certain products or services doesnt justify the amount of effort and resources that go into producing them. Occasionally churchs needed to change its terms and conditions for sale and need to package sale. Promotion The third habit in marketing and sales is to think in terms of promotion all the time. Promotion includes all the ways to tell customers about the products or services and how market and sell to them. Only for promotion sale can be raised dramatically. Even small changes in advertising can lead immediately to higher sales. For publicity posters and lift let can be distributed. Place The fourth P in the marketing mix is the place where the product or service is actually sold. Develop the habit of reviewing and reflecting upon the exact location where the customer meets. The XCITE churchs need specific place for its weekly program. As they can rent this place for various purpose. People People are an essential ingredient in service provision; recruiting and training the right staff is required to create a competitive advantage. Customers make judgments about service provision and delivery based on the people representing in an organization. This is because people are one of the few elements of the service that customers can see and interact with. Process This element of the marketing mix looks at the systems used to deliver the service. Imagine. An efficient service is needed to make faster process. How quickly and better services they can be provided. Physical evidence Physical evidence is about where the service is being delivered from. It is particularly relevant to retailers operating out of shops. This element of the marketing mix will distinguish a company from its competitors. Physical evidence can be used to charge a premium price for a service and establish a positive experience. All the church provide same service but need to know about their charge and neat and clean environment. Marketing mix for a service has additional elements because the characteristics of a service are different to the characteristics of a product. To certain extent managing services are more complicated then managing products, products can be standardized, to standardize a service is more difficult as there it can be affected by factors outside the service providers control. If I would the pastor of XCITE church I would apply this marketing mix to my church for additional source of income. I think this strategy would be better option for the church.

Foreign Language Essay :: Foreign Languages Essays

Foreign Language Essay Innehà ¥llsfà ¶rteckning Innehà ¥llsfà ¶rteckning  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  2 Inledning  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  3 Sammanfattning  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  4 Allmà ¤nt  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  5 Japans industriella  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  6 struktur Faktorer som bidragit  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  11 till Japans framgà ¥ngar Jà ¤mfà ¶relse mellan  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  14 Sverige och Japan Kà ¤llfà ¶rteckning  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  18 Bilaga  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  19 Inledning Sverige à ¤r nu i en djup là ¥gkonjunktur, med massor av "sparpaket". Dà ¤rfà ¶r tyckte jag att det skulle vara intressant att titta pà ¥ just en av và ¤rldens stà ¶rsta och starkaste marknadseko ­nomier och se vad som skiljer den mot Sverige. Jag valde inte USA utan Japan som kommer lite i skymundan mot den stora jà ¤tten i Và ¤st. Jag kommer att ta upp lite om fà ¶retagsstruktur d v s om de à ¤r konglomerat eller ej, stort eller litet o s v. Sedan tà ¤nkte jag ta upp lite om instà ¤llningen till arbete hos japanerna, d v s hur deras tra ­ditioner à ¤r i fà ¶rhà ¥llande till arbetet. Pà ¥ det hà ¤r sà ¤ttet tà ¤nkte jag pà ¥visa vad som gà ¶r Japan till en rela ­tivt solid ekonomi. Jag vill ocksà ¥ visa vad som gjort att Japan har haft sà ¥ otroliga framgà ¥ngar speciellt efter andra và ¤rldskriget. Sammanfattning Japan à ¤r ett relativt litet land, men à ¤ndà ¥ har det utvecklat en và ¤l ­digt stark ekonomi. Bristen pà ¥ tillgà ¥ngar och det isolerade là ¤get har lett till att japanerna mà ¥ste ha en effektiv handel à ¶ver grà ¤n ­serna. Japan har ett và ¤lutvecklat industridepartement som samarbetar dagligen med industrin och fungerar som ett samordnings- och rà ¥dgivningsorgan. De stora industrigrupperna stà ¥r fà ¶r hà ¤lften av Japans fà ¶rà ¤dlings ­và ¤rde, men bara ca 1/5 av sysselsà ¤ttningen. Detta beror frà ¤mst pà ¥ att industrigrupperna tillà ¤mpar livstidsanstà ¤llning och seniori ­tets ­systemet vilka à ¤r mycket kostsamma, men ger mà ¥nga fà ¶rdelar bl a effektiva arbetare. Industrigrupperna samarbetar med smà ¥- och medelstora fà ¶retag, de hjà ¤lper dem med bl a finansiering och rà ¥d ­givning. I gengà ¤ld arbetar de mindre fà ¶retagen lojalt fà ¶r de stora och blir som ett slags sà ¤kerhetsomrà ¥de fà ¶r dem. De flesta japanerna sparar fà ¶r en oviss framtid, dà ¤rfà ¶r att de ej har nà ¥gon speciell social trygghet genom staten, endast en folk ­pension pà ¥ ca 3816 kr/mà ¥nad. Genom detta sparande blir ban ­kerna enormt kapitalstarka och dà ¤rfà ¶r à ¤r just de 4 stà ¶rsta banker ­na i và ¤rlden ja ­panska. Det genomsnittliga sparkapitalet fà ¶r en japansk familj à ¤r ca 354 000 kr. Deras marginalskatt à ¤r endast ca 10% vilket moti ­verar à ¶vertidsarbete och mer sparande, dà ¤rfà ¶r arbetar japanerna ca 6 h mer à ¤n t ex europà ©er. Det finns mà ¥nga faktorer som har bidragit till Japans framgà ¥ngar framfà ¶r allt efter andra và ¤rldskriget bl a den stabila stà ¤llningen in ­ternationellt, den effektiva inrikespolitiken, nà ¤ringssystemet, styr ­ningen av fà ¶retagen och de effektiva arbetarna. Jà ¤mfà ¶r man Sverige och Japan sà ¥ à ¤r det, det lite stà ¶rre landet med 8 miljoner inv. mot det lilla landet med en enorm befolkning pà ¥ 125 miljoner.